History History of biological classification is as old as human culture. Human beings started giving names to the animals and plants and classified them on the basis of their use Our Vedic literature (2500 BC to 650 BC) recorded about 740 plants and 250 animals. The first attempt of classification is observed in Chandyoga Upanishad, which classified animals into three categories (1) Jivaja (viviparous), eg. mammals (2) Andaja (oviparous), eg, birds, reptiles, insects and worms (3) Udbhija (vegetable origin), eg, minute animals In Post-Vedic Indian literature, such as Susruta Samhita, all living forms are classified into 5thavara (immobile). Le, plants and Jangama (mobile), eg., animals. Plants were further divided into Vanaspati (fruit yielding, nonflowering plants), Vriksa (fruit yielding, flowering plants) and Osadhi (plants provide medicine). Susruta Samhita also classified animals into Kulacara (herbivores that frequently visit river banks, eg. Elephant, Buffalo, etc., Matsya (fish

 Overview Biomolecules are the molecules of various proteins and more essentially the chemical elements required at the tissue level of all living organisms to carry out various vital body functions for life to sustain. Types of Biomolecules From a Biological point of view we can classify biomolecules into two main categories, namely micro - molecules and macro - molecules. The micro molecules such as Amino Acid, simple sugar, and nucleotides are acid soluble whereas the macro molecules such as polysaccharides, proteins and nucleic acid are not soluble in acid.

  Overview Sir. C.V. Raman was an Indian Physicist who is popularly remembered for his contribution in explanation of the phenomenon of scattering of light, for which he was awarded the Nobel prize in 1930.

Overview Albert Einstein was a German physicist often remembered for his favour theory of general relativity and special relativity.  Early Life Einstein as a kid, when he was 6 years old Albert Einstein was born on March 14, 1879 in Ulm, Germany. He was very unhappy with the rigid discipline of the schools of his native Germany, went at age of 16 to Switzerland to complete his education. One of Einstein's teachers once called him a "lazy dog". Works and Contributions  Throughout his life, he published hundreds of books and papers. Einstein's early papers were to demonstrate that atoms exist and have a finite non zero size. In his paper on the electrodynamics of moving objects in 1905 he introduced his theory of special relativity. In this paper he proved that the speed of light is independent from the state of observer. He postulated that light itself consists of localised particles called quanta. His theory was nearly universally rejected by all physicists but becam

Overview Diagram showing the basics of photoelectric effect A metal surface when exposed to radiation energy (like x rays, Gamma rays, UV rays, etc.) liberates electrons which can constitute electric current if a the is connected to a suitable conductor such as a wire. This phenomenon of emission of electrons due to exposure of a metal surface to radiation is called photoelectric effect. History German Physicist Heinrich Hetz In 1887, German physicist Heinrich Hertz was experimenting by shining beams of ultraviolet lights on metals. He know this that the UV rays caused the metal surface to shoots sparks. This did not surprise him much though what did surprise him was that the frequency of light which wood cause the metals to shoot sparks was different for different metals. He noticed carefully that increasing the brightness of the light caused increased production of electrons even though the energy of the electrons did

Overview Gauss's Law states that the flux of the net electric field through a closed surface is equal to the net charge enclosed by the surface divided by E0. Discovery German mathematician Carl Friedrich Gauss proposed the Gauss's law in 1835. Gauss's Law was proposed by the German mathematician and physicist Carl Friedrich Gauss.

Overview Reserve material in prokaryotic cells are stored in the cytoplasm in the form of inclusion bodies. These are not bounded by any membrane system and lie free in the cytoplasm. Inclusion bodies include phosphate granules, cyanophycean granules and glycogen granules. Some other inclusion bodies maybe surrounded by a single layer non unit membrane which is 2 nanometers thick. Discovery Fritz Jacob Heinrich was a German-born American neurologist, discovered inclusion bodies. Fritz Jacob Heinrich Lewy described the pathology of Paralysis agitans [Parkinson disease] and was the first to identify eosinophilic inclusion bodies in neurons of certain brain nuclei, later known as Lewy bodies, the pathological signature of the Lewy body diseases.

Overview   A diagram showing ribosome in an animal cell Ribosomes are non-membrane bound organelles found in all cells (both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells). Within the cell, ribosomes are not only found in the cytoplasm but also within the two organelles - chloroplasts (in plants) and mitochondria and on rough ER.  Ribosomes are the site of protein synthesis. Cutlass ribosomes synthesise proteins which remain within the cell but robotics on the Obama membrane make proteins that are transported out. Composition Ribosomes are composed of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and protein. Prokaryotic cells have three types of rRNA: 16S rRNA, 23S rRNA, and 5S rRNA. Like transfer RNA (tRNA), rRNAs use intrastrand H-bonding between complementary nucleotide bases to form complex folded structures. Ribosomes are composed of two subunits with densities of 50S and 30S ("S" refers to a unit of density called the Svedberg unit). The 30S subunit contains 16S rRNA and 21 proteins; the 50S subunit contai

  Overview Spectograph showing various ranges of radiation including gamma rays. These are the most energetic electromagnetic radiations of wavelength less than 0.1 Å (or 0.01 nm) Sources They are obtained in radioactive emissions, when the nuclei of radioactive atoms pass from the excited state to the ground state. They are also present in cosmic radiations. Properties Like X-rays, they cause florescence when they strike the fluorescent materials such as zinc Sulphide. They can easily penetrate through thick metallic sheets (eg. 30 cm thick iron sheet). Gamma radiations easily pa through human body and cause immense biological damage. Uses They are used in medical science to kill cancer cells (i.e. radio therapy) AM in industry to check welding.